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PICC Excellence Articles
Thrombosis
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Abdullah, B. , N. Mohammad, J. Sangkar, Y. Abd Aziz, G. Gan, K. Goh, and I. Benedict. (2005). Incidence of Upper Limb Venous Thrombosis Associated with Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (Picc). Br J Radiol, 78(931):596-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov see full article at http://bjr.birjournals.org |
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Abdul-Rahman, I. , and A. Al-Howaish. (2007). Warfarin Versus Aspirin in Preventing Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter Thrombosis: A Prospective Randomized Study. Hong Kong J Nephrol, 9(1):23-30. http://www.sciencedirect.com |
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AHRQ. (2001). Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices. Summary. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov or http://archive.ahrq.gov |
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Akl, E. , G. Kamath, V. Yosuico, S. Kim, M. Barba, F. Sperati, D. Cook, and H. Schunemann. (2008). Thromboprophylaxis for Patients with Cancer and Central Venous Catheters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancer, 112(11):2483-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Allen, A. , J. Megargell, D. Brown, F. Lynch, H. Singh, Y. Singh, and P. Waybill. (2000). Venous Thrombosis Associated with the Placement of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 11(10):1309-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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American College of Emergency Physicians. (2009). Emergency Ultrasound Guidelines. Ann Emerg Med, 53(4):550-570.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Anand, S. , P. Wells, D. Hunt, P. Brill-Edwards, D. Cook, and J. Ginsberg. (1998). Does This Patient Have Deep Vein Thrombosis? JAMA, 279(14):1094-1099. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Anderson, F. , and F. Spencer. (2003). Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism. Circulation, 107(23 Suppl 1):16-19. http://circ.ahajournals.org |
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Andes, D. , A. Urban, C. Acher, and D. Maki. (1998). Septic Thrombosis of the Basilic, Axillary, and Subclavian Veins Caused by a Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter. The American Journal of Medicine, 105(5):446 - 450. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Ascher, E. , S. Salles-Cunha, and A. Hingorani. (2005). Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Jugular Vein Thromboses. Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 39(4):335-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Baarslag, H., E. Beek, M. Koopman, and J. Reekers. (2002). Prospective Study of Color Duplex Ultrasonography Compared with Contrast Venography in Patients Suspected of Having Deep Venous Thrombosis of the Upper Extremities. Ann Intern Medicine, 136(12):865 - 872. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Baarslag, H. , M. Koopman, B. Hutten, H. Linthorst, H. Buller, J. Reekers, and E. van Beek. (2004). Long-Term Follow-up of Patients with Suspected Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Upper Extremity: Survival, Risk Factors and Post-Thrombotic Syndrome. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 15:503-507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Bagnall-Reeb, H. , and K. Ruccione. (1993). Practical Application of an Algorithm for the Thrombolytic Treatment of Occluded Vascular Access Devices. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 10(2):79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Balestreri, L. , M. De Cicco, M. Matovic, F. Coran, and S. Morssut. (1995). Central Venous Catheter-Related Thrombosis in Clinically Asymptomatic Oncologic Patients: A Phlebographic Study. European Journal of Radiology, 20(2):108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Berthiaume, L. , A. Peets, U. Schmidt, R. Shahpori, C. Doig, P. Boiteau, and H. Stelfox. (2009). Time Series Analysis of Use Patterns for Common Invasive Tehcnologies in Critically Ill Patients. J Critical Care, 24(3):471.e9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Beyth, R. , A. Cohen, and C. Landefeld. (1995). Long-Term Outcomes of Deep-Vein Thrombosis. Arch Internal Medicine, 155(10):1031-37.
http://archinte.ama-assn.org |
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Bick, R. . (2003). Cancer-Associated Thrombosis. N Engl J Med, 349(2):109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Biffi, R. , F. Orsi, S. Pozzi, U. Pace, G. Bonomo, L. Monfardini, P. Della Vigna, N. Rotmensz, D. Radice, M. Zampino, N. Fazio, F. de Braud, B. Andreoni, and A. Goldhirsch. (2009). Best Choice of Central Venous Insertion Site for the Preventon of Catheter-Related Complications in Adult Patients Who Need Cancer Therapy: A Randomized Trial. Annals of Oncology, 20(5):1 - 6. http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org |
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Bishop, L. , L. Dougherty, A. Bodenham, J. Mansi, P. Crowe, C. Kibbler, M. Shannon, and J. Treleaven. (2007). Guidelines on the Insertion and Management of Central Venous Access Devices in Adults. Intl Jnl Lab Hem., 29(4):261-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Blann, A. , and G. Lip. (2001). Virchow's Triad Revisited: The Importanceof Soluble Coagulations Factors, the Endothelium, and the Platelets. Thrombosis Research, 101(4):321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Boersma, R. , K. Jie, A. Verbon, E. van Pampus, and H. Schouten. (2008). Thrombotic and Infectious Complications of Central Venous Catheters in Patients with Hemoatological Malignancies. Annals of Oncology, 19(3):433 - 442. http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org |
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Bosma, T. , and P. Jewesson. (2002). An Infusion Program Resource Nurse Consult Service: Our Experience in a Major Canadian Teaching Hospital. JIN, 25(5):310-15.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Brismar, B. , C. Hardstedt, and S. Jacobson. (1981). Diagnosis of Thrombosis by Catheter Phlebography after Prolonged Central Venous Catheterization. Ann Surg, 194(6):779-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Britt, R. , T. Novosel, L. Britt, and M. Sullivan. (2009). The Impact of Central Line Simulations before the Icu Experience. The American Journal of Surgery, 197(4):533-536.
http://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com |
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Bulger, C. , C. Jacobs, and N. Patel. (2004). Epidemiology of Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis. Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 7(2):50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Chakravarthy, S. , J. Rettmann, B. Markewitz, G. Elliott, M. Sarfati, and R. Nohavec. (2005). Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (Picc) Associated Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis. Chest. http://meeting.chestpubs.org |
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Chemaly, R. , J. de Parres, S. Rehm, K. Adal, M. Lisgaris, D. Katz-Scott, S. Curtas, S. Gordon, E. Steiger, J. Olin, and D. Longworth. (2002). Venous Thrombosis Associated with Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters: A Retrospective Analysis of the Cleveland Clinic Experience. Clin Infect Dis, 34(9):1179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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CNSA. (2007). Central Venous Access Devices: Principles for Nursing Practice and Education. Cancer Nurses Society of Australia:1-26. http://www.cnsa.org.au/ |
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Collins, J. , and R. Lutz. (1991). In Vitro Study of Simultaneous Infusion of Incompatible Drugs in Multilumen Catheters. Heart Lung, 20(3):271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Cook, D. , M. Meade, G. Guyatt, L. Griffith, J. Granton, W. Geerts, M. Crowther, and Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. (2004). Clinically Important Deep Vein Thrombosis in the Intensive Care Unit: A Survey of Intensivists. Critical Care 8(3):R145-R152.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Cordes, M. . (2007). Percent of Catheter Filling Vein. (May).
http://www.iv-therapy.net |
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Cowl, C. , J. Weinstock, A. Al-Jurf, K. Ephgrave, J. Murray, and K. Dillon. (2000). Complications and Cost Associated with Parenteral Nutrition Delivered to Hospitalized Patients through Either Subclavian or Peripherally-Inserted Central Catheters. Clin Nutr, 19(4):237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Cox, C. , S. Carson, and A. Biddle. (2003). Cost-Effectiveness of Ultrasound in Preventing Femoral Venous Catheter-Associated Pulmonary Embolism. Am J Respir Critical Care Medicince, 168(12):1481187. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Crowley, A. , G. Peterson, D. Benjamin, S. Rimmer, C. Todd, C. Cabell, L. Reller, T. Ryan, G. Corey, and V. Fowler. (2008). Venous Thrombosis in Patients with Short-and Long-Term Central Venous Catheter-Associated Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia. Critcal Care Medicine, 36(2):385-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Cunningham, M. , M. Collins, D. Kredentser, and J. Malfetano. (1996). Peripheral Infusion Ports for Central Venous Access in Patients with Gynecologic Malignancies. Gynecologic Oncology, 60(3):397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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DeChicco, R., D. Seidner, C. Brun, and et al. (2007). Tip Position of Long-Term Central Venous Access Devices Used for Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 31(5):382-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Desmond, J., and S. Teece. (2004). Best Evidence Topic Report. Thrombotic Complications of a Femoral Central Venous Catheter. . Best Evidence Topic Reports, 21(6):714-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Estes, J. , R. Rocconi, J. Straughn, S. Bhoola, C. Leath, R. Alvarez, L. Kilgore, and W. Huh. (2003). Complications of Indwelling Venous Access Devices in Patients with Gynecologic Malignancies. Gynecologic Oncology, 91(3):591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Evans, R. , L. Linford, J. Sharp, G. White, J. Lloyd, and L. Weaver. "Computer Identification of Symptomatic Deep Venous Thrombosis Associated with Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters." In AMIA Symposium, 226-30, 2007.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Fagnani, D. , R. Franchi, C. Porta, P. Pulgliese, K. Borgonovo, A. Bertolini, M. Duro, A. Ardizzoia, V. Filipazzi, L. Isa, C. Vergani, M. Milani, C. Cimminiello, and POLONORD Group. (2007). Thrombosis-Related Complications and Mortality in Cancer Patients with Central Venous Devices: An Observational Study on the Effect of Antithrombotic Prophylaxis. Annals of Oncology, 18(3):551-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Flinterman, L. , F. Van Der Meer, F. Rosendaal, and C. Doggen. (2008). Current Perspective of Venous Thrombosis in the Upper Extremity. J Thromb Haemost, 6(8):1262-66.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Flinterman, L. , A. Van Hylckama Vlieg, F. Rosendaal, and C. Doggen. (2008). Recurrent Thrombosis and Survival after First Venous Thrombosis of the Upper Extremity. Circulation, 118(13):1366-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Forauer, A. , and M. Alonzo. (2000). Change in Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Tip Position with Abduction and Adduction of the Upper Extremity. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 11(10):1315-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov or http://www.jvir.org |
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Fowkes, F. , J. Price, and F. Fowker. (2003). Incidence of Diagnosed Deep Vein Thrombosis in the General Population: Systematic Review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 25(1):1-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Fraschini, G. , J. Jadeja, M. Lawson, F. Holmes, H. Carrasco, and S. Wallace. (1987). Local Infusion of Urokinase for the Lysis of Thrombosis Associated with Permanent Central Venous Catheters in Cancer Patients. J Clin Oncol, 5(4):672-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Freel, A. , M. Shiloach, J. Weigelt, G. Beilman, J. Mayberry, R. Nirula, R. Stafford, G. Tominaga, C. Ko, and American College of Surgeons. (2008). American College of Surgeons Guidelines Program: A Process for Using Existing Guidelines to Generate Best Practice Recommendations for Central Venous Access. J Am Coll Surg., 207(5):676-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Furie, B. , and BC. Furie. (2008). Mechanisms of Thrombus Formation. N Engl J Med, 359(9):938-49.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Gallieni, M. , M. Pittirute, and R. Biffi. (2008). Vascular Access in Oncology Patients. CA Cancer J Clin, 58(6):323-46. http://cme.amcancersoc.org |
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Ghanem, G. , J. Adachi, X. Han, and I. Raad. (2007). Central Venous Catheter-Related Streptomyces Septic Thrombosis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 28(5):599-601.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Gilon, D. , D. Schechter, A. Rein, Z. Gimmon, R. Or, Y. Rozenman, S. Slavin, M. Gotsman, and A. Nagler. (1998). Right Atrial Thrombi Are Related to Indwelling Central Venous Catheter Position: Insights into Time Course and Possible Mechanism of Formation. Am Heart Journal, 135(3):457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Gonsalves, C. , D. Eschelman, K. Sullivan, N. DuBois, and J. Bonn. (2003). Incidence of Central Vein Stenosis and Occlusion Following Upper Extremity Picc and Port Placement. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 26(2):123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Grove, J. , and W. Pevec. (2000). Venous Thrombosis Related to Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters. . J Vasc Interv Radiol, 11(7):837-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Hadaway, Lynn. (1999). Loss of Catheter Patency: Thrombotic and Nonthrombotic Occlusions.1-8.
http://www.hadawayassociates.com |
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Hallquist-Viale, P. . (2005). Abnormal Clotting in Cancer: An Overview of Pathophysiology and Etiology. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 21(4 Suppl 1):12-20.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Hardaway, R. . (1967). Thrombophelbitis and Basic Vascular Problems. Angiology, 18(1):28-61.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Hingorani, A. , E. Ascher, J. Hanson, M. Scheinman, W. Yorkovich, E. Lorenson, P. DePippo, and S. Salles-Cunha. (1997). Upper Extremity Versus Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis. Am J. Surg, 174(2):214-17. http://www.sciencedirect.com |
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Hingorani, A. , E. Ascher, N. Marks, R. Schutzer, M. Mutyala, W. Yorkovich, and T. Jacob. (2006). Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Brachial Vein Thrombosis. Ann Vasc Surg, 20(3):297-300.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Hoffer, E. , R. Bloch, J. Borsa, P. Santulli, A. Fontaine, and N. Francoeur. (2001). Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters with Distal Versus Proximal Valves: Prospective Randomized Trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 12(10):1173-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Hogan, M. , B. Coley, W. Shiels, 2nd, E. Allen, and K. McCoy. (1998). Recurrent Deep Venous Thrombosis Complicating Picc Line Placement in Two Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and Activated Protein C-Resistance. Pediatr Radiol, 28(7):552-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Hyman, G. , and D. Cardenas. (2002). Upper-Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis Associated with Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters in Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Report of 2 Cases. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83(9):1313-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Jacobson, S. , and B. Brismar. (1985). Blood Hemoglobin: A Possible Predictor of Central Venous Catheter-Related Thrombosis in Parenteral Nutrition. . J Parenter Enteral Nutrition, 9(4):471-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Janik, J. , S. Conlon, and J. Janik. (2004). Percutaneous Central Access in Patients Younger Than 5 Years: Size Does Matter. J Pediatr Surg, 39(8):1252-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Jepsen, S. . (1995). Endothelial Thrombus Formation: An Unusual Complication Related to Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters. Nutr Clin Pract, 10(3):120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Joffe, H. , N. Kucher, V. Tapson, S. Goldhaber, and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) FREE Steering Committee. (2004). Upper-Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Prospective Registry of 592 Patients. Circulation, 110(12):1605-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Jurado, R. , and M. Ribeiro. (1999). Possible Role of Systemic Inflammatory Reaction in Vascular Access Thrombosis. Southern Medical Journal, 92(9):877-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Kakkar, N. , and R. Vasishta. (2008). Pulmonary Embolism in Medical Patients: An Autopsy-Based Study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 14(2):159-67. http://cat.sagepub.com |
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Karthaus, M. , A. Kretzschmar, H. Kroning, M. Biakhov, D. Irwin, N. Marschner, C. Slabber, G. Fountzilas, A. Garin, N. Abecasis, W. Baronius, G. Steger, T. Sudhoff, C. Giorgetti, and P. Reichardt. (2006). Dalteparin for Prevention of Catheter-Related Complications in Cancer Patients with Central Venous Catheters: Final Resuls of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase Iii Trial. Annals of Oncology, 17:289-296. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Kato, Y. , and H. Ryutaro. (2002). Relationship between the Structure and the Velocity Profile In the Accompanying Vein of the Limb. Computational Biomechanics:209-12. http://www.comp-bio.riken.jp |
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Kearns, P. , S. Coleman, and J. Wehner. (1996). Complications of Long Arm Catheters: A Randomized Trial of Central Vs. Peripheral Tip Location. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 20(1):20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Kerr, K. , W. Auger, and P. Fedullo. (2003). Chronic Thromoembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: When to Suspect It, When to Refer for Surgery. Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension, 2(1):4-10. http://pulmonary.ucsd.edu |
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King, M. , M. Rasnake, R. Rodriguez, N. Riley, and J. Stamm. (2006). Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter-Associated Thrombosis: Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Risk Factors in Adult Patients. South Med J, 99(10):1073-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Kirkpatrick, A. , S. Rathbun, T. Whitsett, and G. Raskob. (2007). Prevention of Central Venous Catheter-Associated Thrombosis: A Meta-Analysis. The American Journal of Medicine, 120(10):901.e1-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Klerk, C. , S. Smorenburg, and H. Buller. (2003). Thrombosis Prophylaxis in Patient Populations with a Central Venous Catheter: A Systematic Review. Arch Intern Med, 163(16):1913-21.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Kohler, T. , and T. Kirkman. (1998). Central Venous Catheter Failure Is Induced by Injury and Can Be Prevented by Stabilizing Catheter Tip. J Vasc Surg, 28(1):59-66; discussion 65-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Kroencke, T. , M. Taupitz, R. Arnold, L. Fritsche, and B. Hamm. (2001). Three-Dimensional Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Venography in Suspected Thrombo-Occlusive Disease of the Central Chest Veins. Chest, 120(5):1570-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Kuriakose, P. , G. Colon-Otero, and R. Pax-Fumagalli. (2002). The Risk of Dvt Associated with Chest Versus Arm Cv Subcutaneous Port Catheters: A 5 Year Retrospective Study. Journal of Vascular Intervention Radiology, 13(2.1):179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Kusminsky, R. . (2007). Complications of Central Venous Catherization. J Am Coll Surg, 204(4):681-96.
http://www.surgicalpatientsafety.facs.org |
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Kuter, D. . (2004). Thrombotic Complications of Central Venous Catheters in Cancer Patients. Oncologist, 9(2):207-16.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Lawson, T. . (1998). Vein Trauma During Catheter Advancement and Its Possible Consequences to the Condition of the Patient. JVAD, 3:22-25. http://www.avainfo.org |
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LeDonne, J. . (2005). Percutaneous Cephalic Vein Cannulation (in the Deltopectoral Groove), with Ultrasound Guidance. J Am Coll Surg, 200(5):810-11. http://www.mdconsult.com |
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Lee, A. , M. Levine, G. Butler, C. Webb, L. Constantini, C. Gu, and J. Julian. (2006). Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Catheter-Related Thrombosis in Adult Patients with Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(9):1404-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Levine, M. , and A. Kakkar. (2005). Catheter-Associated Thrombosis: Thromboprophylaxis or Not? Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(18):4006-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Linblad, B. , P. McIntyre, J. Laidlow, S. Wood, J. Lennard-Jones, and B. Ellis. (1982). Thromboembolic Complications and Central Venous Catheters. Lancet 320(8304):936-37. http://www.thelancet.com |
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Linenberger, M. . (2006). Catheter-Related Thrombosis: Risks, Diagnosis, and Management. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 4(9):889-901.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Lordick, F. , M. Hentrick, T. Decker, M. Hennig, H. Pohlmann, R. Hartenstein, and C. Peschel. (2003). Ultrasound Screening for Internal Jugular Vein Thrombosis Aids the Detection of Central Venous Catheter-Related Infections in Patients with Haemato-Oncological Diseases: A Prospective Observational Study. British Journal of Haematology, 120(6):1073-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Lowell, J. , and A. Bothe. (1995). Central Venous Catheter Related Thrombosis. SOCNA, 4(3):479-492.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Luciani, A. , O. Clement, P. Halimi, D. Goudot, F. Portier, V. Bassot, J. Luciani, P. Avan, G. Frija, and P. Bonfils. (2001). Catheter-Related Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in Cancer Patients: A Prospective Study Based on Doppler Us. Radiology, 220(3):655-60.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Marinella, M. , S. Kathula, and R. Markert. (2000). Spectrum of Upper-Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in a Community Teaching Hospital. Heart Lung, 29(2):113-17.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Martinelli, I. , M. Cattaneo, D. Panzeri, E. Taioli, and P. Mannucci. (1997). Risk Factors for Deep Venous Thrombosis of the Upper Extremities. Annals of Internal Medicine, 126(9):707-11.
http://www.annals.org |
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Mauro, M. . (1998). Delayed Complications of Venous Access. Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 1(3):158-67. http://www.sciencedirect.com |
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Mayo, D. . (2000). Current Treatment Options for Catheter-Related Thrombosis. JVAD, 5(2):10-20.
http://www.avainfo.org/custom/publicationdetails.asp?id=279372 |
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Mayo, D. (2001). Catheter-Related Thrombosis. Journal of Intravenous Nurses, 24(3S):S13-S22.
http://journals.lww.com |
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McGee, D. , and M. Gould. (2003). Preventing Complications of Central Venous Catheterization. New England Journal Medicine, 348(12):1123-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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McKnight, S. . (2004). Nurse's Guide to Understanding and Treating Thrombotic Occlusion of Central Venous Access Devices. Medsurg Nurs, 13(6):377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Mehall, J. , D. Saltzman, R. Jackson, and S. Smith. (2002). Fibrin Sheath Enhances Central Venous Catheter Infection Crit Care Med, 30(4):908-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Merrer, J. , B. De Jonghe, F. Golliot, J. Lefrant, B. Raffy, E. Barre, J. Rigaud, D. Casciani, B. Misset, C. Bosquet, H. Outin, C. Brun-Buisson, G. Nitenenberg, and French Catheter Study Group in Intensive Care. (2001). Complications of Femoral and Subclavian Venous Catheterization in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 286(6):700-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Monreal, M. , A. Raventos, R. Lerma, J. Ruiz, E. Lafoz, A. Alastrue, and J. Llamazares. (1994). Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with Upper Extremity Dvt Associated to Venous Central Lines: A Prospective Study. Thromb Haemost, 1994(72):4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Munoz, F. , P. Mismetti, R. Poggio, R. Valle, M. Barron, M. Guil, M. Monreal, and RIETE Investigators. (2008). Clinical Outcome of Patients with Upper-Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis. Chest, 133(1):143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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Murphy, K. . (2004). Superior Vena Cava Filters. Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 7(2):105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
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